a. The 7.62 mm ammunition is percussion-primed; chamber pressure is 50,000 psi for both the ball and the tracer. Projectile weight varies from 142 grains (.32 ounce) for the tracer to 150 grains (.34 ounce) for the ball. Muzzle velocity averages 2,750 feet per second. Figure 5-1 shows all 7.62mm service and training ammunition described below.

b. DODACs for 7.62 mm. DODACs of linked ammunition for the M60 and M60D machine guns are shown below. TM 43-0001-27 lists only one type of metallic link (M13) for all 7.62mm linked ammunition.

a. The .50 caliber ammunition is percussion primed; chamber pressure is 52,000 psi for the tracer and 59,000 psi for armor piercing ammunition. Projectile weight varies from 619 grains (1.36 ounces) for the AP to 662 grains (1.45 ounces) for the ball. Muzzle velocities vary from 2,700 feet per second for the M1 tracer to 3,400 feet per second for the M23 incendiary. Neither armor piercing nor incendiary ammunition is intended for use in a training environment. Table 5-1 shows the approximate time of flight and approximate ballistic drop with the M33 ball. Figure 5-2 shows .50 caliber service and training ammunition described below.

(1) Ball (M2 and M33). The M2 ball and the M33 ball are intended for use against personnel and unarmored targets. Muzzle velocity of the M33 is approximately 2,910 feet per second; the M2 is 2,810 feet per second.

(2) Tracer (M1, M10, and M17). The M1, M10, and M17 tracers permit visible observation of the in-flight path or trajectory to the point of impact. The M1 is limited to training use in CONUS. The M10 exhibits a trace from approximately 100 meters from the muzzle to approximately 1,600 meters from the muzzle.

(3) Armor piercing (M2). M2 armor piercing ammunition is used against lightly armored or unarmored targets, concrete shelters, and similar bullet resistant targets.

(4) Incendiary (M1 and M23). Impact with a hardened or armored target will cause incendiary composition to burst into flame and ignite flammable material. The incendiary charge of M1 is 34 grains; the M23 is 90 grains.

(5) Armor piercing incendiary (M8). M8 armor piercing incendiary ammunition combines the function of the AP and incendiary bullet. The incendiary charge of the M8 is 15 grains.

(6) Armor piercing incendiary tracer (M20). The M20 combines the functions of the AP and the incendiary and adds a tracer element. The incendiary charge is 27 grains.

(7) Dummy (M2). The M2 dummy is used to practice loading and test the weapon's ammunition feed system and mechanical function.

(8) Blank (M1 and M1A1). The M1 and M1A1 blanks are used to simulate firing in training exercises. The M1A1 is used with the M2 machine gun and the M19 blank firing adapter.

(9) Target practice ball (M858) and plastic tracer (M860). The M858 ball and tracer are intended for scaled range training with the M2 machine gun. The maximum range of this ammunition is 700 meters. The tracer round provides trace from 20 to 150 meters. This target-practice ball and tracer round is constructed of molded, high density polyethylene plastic.

b. DODACs for .50 caliber. DODACs for linked .50-caliber ammunition for the M2 machine gun are as follows:

a. Twenty millimeter ammunition is electrically primed; chamber pressure varies from 60,500 to 61,500 psi. Projectile weight of the M56 HEI round is 1,543 grains (3.5 ounces); other 20mm projectiles are of comparable weight. Muzzle velocity for the types of 20mm ammunition discussed below averages 3,380 feet per second. Types of 20mm munitions available are discussed below and shown in Figure 5-3.

b. Twenty millimeter fuze functioning and penetration are affected by velocity and angle of impact at all ranges, particularly at ranges in the upper one third of the 2,000 meter value. However, this depends on the type of target that is engaged. Rounds with an R50 value, a 50-percent chance penetrating rolled homogeneous armor at the given condition and range, are as follows:

For comparison, Table 5-2 shows the hull and turret thickness of some common armored vehicles.

c. Table 5-3 shows the approximate time of flight and approximate ballistic drop with 20mm ammunition.

d. DODACs FOR 20mm. DODACs for linked 20mm ammunition for the M197 cannon are as follows:

a. Target Practice M788. The M788 TP is an inert projectile without a fuze and is used for gunnery training in lieu of service ammunition. Its three-piece assembly consists of a steel body with a cavity, a rotating band, and an aluminum nose. The cartridge case is aluminum. This round serves no other purpose than for target impact or penetration.

b. High Explosive, Dual Purpose M789. The M789 HEDP is an antimateriel and antipersonnel round. The projectile body is steel and is loaded with a 340 grain (.76 ounce) explosive charge and a spin compensated shaped charge liner that has a PD (M759) fuze. The cartridge case is aluminum. The fuze arms while the projectile is in flight and initiates the projectile's explosive filler upon impact. The shaped charge liner collapses with detonation that creates an armor piercing jet. Fragmentation of the projectile body also occurs that can produce antipersonnel effects within a 4-meter radius. Estimated penetration performance was interpolated from a graph contained in a gun system effectiveness report. This report reflected penetration in excess of 2.0 inches (50 mm) RHA at 2,500 meters.

c. Dummy (M848). The M848 dummy is used for function checks of the weapon mechanism and to test the linking and delinking operations. It is an inert cartridge with an anodized aluminum case and a modified TP projectile. The primer and the propellant are replaced on the M848 with a threaded steel bolt to maintain the same weight as the TP round.

d. DODACs for 30mm. DODACs for linked 30mm ammunition for the M230 cannon are as follows:

a. Hydra 70 is the name associated with the family of 2.75-inch (70 millimeter) rockets. Hydra 70 refers to the Mark 66 rocket motor with any warhead/fuze combination. The MK 66 rocket motor was designed to provide a common 2.75-inch rocket for helicopters and high-performance aircraft. Compared to the MK 40 motor, it has a longer tube, an improved double base solid propellant, and a different nozzle and fin assembly. Increased velocity and spin provide improved trajectory stability for better accuracy. The launch signature and smoke trail have been significantly reduced. The MK 66 Mod 1 is not hazards of electromagnetic radiation to ordnance safe. It can be inadvertently ignited by electromagnetic radiation, especially by radio frequencies found aboard Navy ships. Both the Mod 2 and Mod 3 have HERO filters, and the Mod 2 filter may prevent the AH-1 rocket management system from inventorying. The Mod 1 is the standard motor for Army use as will be the Mod 3 when it is fielded. Figure 5-5 shows the M66 rocket motor.

b. MK 40 rocket motors are no longer produced for the Army. Inventories for training were expected to be exhausted in FY 93. An unknown quantity are held in war reserve stockage. Table 5-5 shows rocket motor comparison data extracted from TM 43-0001-30.

c. M260 and M261 launchers are required to fire the MK 66 rocket. They have reduced system weight and provide remote set fuze interface capabilities. The M158A1 and M200 launchers are not compatible with the MK 66 rocket motor.

a. M151 High Explosive. The M151 HE is an antipersonnel, antimateriel warhead and is traditionally referred to as the "10 Pounder." The bursting radius is 10 meters; however, high velocity fragments can produce a lethality radius in excess of 50 meters. The nose section is constructed of malleable cast iron that is threaded to receive the fuze. The base section is constructed of steel or cast iron and is threaded so that it can be attached to the rocket motor. The base section and the nose section are welded (brazed) together. Total weight of the loaded, unfuzed, warhead is 8.7 pounds, of which 2.3 pounds is composition B4. The M151 can be used M423, M429, and M433 fuzes.

b. M274 Smoke Signature (Training). This training rocket provides a ballistic match for the M151 HE warhead. The casing is a modified WTU-1/B with vent holes or blowout plugs. A modified M423 fuze mechanism is integral to the warhead. A cylindrical cartridge assembly is in the forward section of the casing; it contains approximately 2 ounces of potassium perchlorate and aluminum powder that provides a "flash, bang, and smoke" signature. The M274 weighs 9.3 pounds.

c. M261 High-Explosive Multipurpose Submunition.

d. M267 MPSM Smoke Signature (Training). The M267 MPSM training warhead operationally, physically, and ballistically matches the M261. Three M75 practice submunitions and six inert submunition load simulators take the place of the nine HE submunitions in the M261 warhead. Each practice submunition contains approximately 1 ounce of pyrotechnic powder. An M231 fuze with an M55 detonator is used with practice submunitions.

e. M257 Illumination. The M257 illumination warhead provides one million candlepower for 100 seconds or more. It can illuminate an area in excess of 1 square kilometer at optimum height. A deployed main parachute descent is approximately 15 feet per second. An M442 integral fuze provides a standoff range of approximately 3,000 meters with the MK 40 motor and approximately 3,500 meters with the MK 66 motor. The weight of the M257 is 10.8 pounds, of which 5.4 pounds is magnesium sodium nitrate.

f. M229 High-Explosive. The M229 HE warhead is currently in the inventory. An elongated version of the M151, it is commonly referred to as the "17 Pounder." The M229 filler consists of 4.8 pounds of composition B4 and has the same fuzes as the M151. Its unfuzed weight is 16.4 pounds.

g. M156 White Phosphorous (Smoke). The M156 is primarily used for target marking and incendiary purposes. It ballistically matches the M151 and is of similar construction. Filler for the M156 is 2.2 pounds of WP with a .12-pound bursting charge of composition B. The approximate weight of the fuzed warhead is 9.7 pounds. The M156 uses M423 and M429 fuzes.

h. M247 High-Explosive. The M247 is no longer in production; however, some of these warheads may still be found in war reserve stockage. With a shape charge for an antiarmor capability, the M247 employs a cone shaped charge like that of the M72 LAW. The point initiated detonating fuze (M438) is an integral part of the warhead. The weight of the M247 is 8.8 pounds, of which 2.0 pounds is composition B.

i. M255E1 Flechette. The M255E1 flechette warhead, which contains approximately 1,180 60-grain hardened steel flechettes, is in limited production. It is designed for use with the M439 fuze and has possible air-to-air as well as air-to-ground application. Figure 5-7 shows all current production warheads.

a. M423 Point Detonating. The M423 PD is an oblique sensitive, point-detonating, superquick fuze used as a common component with the M151. The safety and arming device forward of the booster housing (explosive charge) contains an unbalanced rotor. Upon acceleration of the rocket at firing, a weight setback occurs in the unbalanced rotor assembly which houses the primer and detonator. This setback places the fuze into an armed condition when the rocket has traveled approximately 43 to 92 meters from the launcher.

b. M429 Proximity. Currently in inventory, the M429 proximity fuze is a transistorized, continuous wave, doppler device that provides air burst functioning for improved antipersonnel effectiveness. The arming mechanism of the M429 is similar to the one in the M423 except that it has been modified to include a battery and an electric detonator. Once it is armed and the reflected signals reach a specific intensity, the firing circuit is initiated through a capacitor to the electric detonator that provides the air burst function. A superquick impact switch serves as a backup to the air burst electronics. (WARNING: Multiple firing of rockets with this fuze is not permitted [no pairs, no salvos, or ripple fire]. Fire in single rocket mode only. Radio frequency interference between fuzes can cause premature functioning.)

c. M433 Resistance Capacitance. The M433 RC is a nose mounted, multioption, time delay fuze with selectable functioning modes. A superquick setting is used for open terrain; a forest penetration mode permits a selectable time delay range (10 to 45 meters in 5-meter increments) set for the height of the forest canopy. After first contact with the forest canopy, a delay timer is activated to provide warhead functioning. The bunker or building penetration mode provides up to 10 feet of penetration before detonation. The target penetration RC timer is activated by a point mounted probe switch that is initiated by target contact. An umbilical assembly is positioned on the nose of the fuze for interface through the launcher and RMS or ARCS and the aircraft. When the trigger is pulled, aircraft voltage is supplied to the fuze and the time delay is initiated as selected by the pilot.

d. M439 Resistance Capacitance. The M439 RC is a base mounted, electronic variable, time delay fuze with an RC delay circuit. Designed for cargo and flechette warheads, the M439 allows the pilot to remotely set the fuze for air burst functioning at the desired range from 500 to 7,200 meters. A fuze capacitor is charged by the RMS, ARCS, or MFD through an umbilical assembly. The fuze has no internal battery, and the required voltage is supplied by the aircraft through the remote set fuze subsystem. When the rocket is fired and normal acceleration occurs, the fuze is armed and timing starts. If the fuze is set but the rocket motor fails to fire, the rocket should not be loaded into another tube and fired. When the fuze is set a second time, it will function longer than the set time and should not be used for accurate measurement until 10 days has elapsed before resetting it. The detonator is initiated electrically, depending on the range setting (time of flight), and ignites the expelling charge. Figure 5-8 shows production fuzes.

e. M422/M446 Fuzes. The M442 and M446 fuzes are base mounted, air burst, motor burnout delayed fuzes. They are integral fuzes used with the M257 illumination and M259 WP smoke rockets, respectively.

f. DODACs for Rockets. DODACs for rockets (complete round with MK 66 motors) are listed in Table 5-6 :

• The basic color of missile is black.

• Data markings are olive drab.

• Markings on the aft end are four brown 3-inch squares 90 degrees apart (brown means solid propellent).

• Markings on the end of the warhead are four yellow 3-inch squares 90 degrees apart (yellow means HE).

• The basic color of container is olive drab.

a. Dummy Missiles. The M34 dummy missile has the same physical characteristics as the tactical missile. It is used to train armament personnel in loading and unloading and to simulate aircraft missile loads for training flights.

b. Training Missiles. The M36 training missile is used for captive flight training and cannot be launched. It has an operational laser seeker that can search for and lock on laser energy. The M36 has the same physical characteristics as the tactical missile but contains no explosives. It requires the same handling as a live tactical missile.

c. Tactical Missiles.

(6) For antiarmor roles, the AGM-114 missile has a conical shaped charge warhead with a copper liner cone that forms the jet that provides armor penetration. This high explosive, antitank warhead is effective against various types of armor including appliqué and reactive. Actual penetration performance is classified. It can also be employed against concrete bunkers and similar fortifications.

(7) The tactical missiles are propelled by a single stage, single thrust, solid propellant motor. When thrust exceeds 500 to 600 pounds, the missile leaves the rail. Based on a 10g acceleration parameter, arming occurs between 150 to 300 meters after launch. Maximum velocity of the missile is 950 miles per hour. Figure 5-9 shows the Hellfire missile profile.

a. Maximum Standoff Range. Maximum standoff range is a function of missile performance, launch platform altitude versus target altitude, visibility and cloud cover. The effects of minimum cloud ceilings on maximum standoff ranges for all lock on before launch shots are shown in Figure 5-10. The minimum cloud ceiling on lock on after launch modes are shown in Figure 5-11.

(2) Remote. Remote designation allows the launch aircraft to stand off at greater distances from the target. This standoff range can be out to the maximum missile effective engagement range. Remote designation also allows the launch aircraft to be masked from the target using the LOAL-LO or LOAL-HI launch mode (Figure 5-12). Remote designation also allows a single aircraft to provide the weapons for several designators. Remote designators may include another aircraft, a ground or vehicle laser locator designator, or one of the various designators of other services or foreign allies. Remote designators must be within their maximum designation range from the target, as determined by their laser beam divergence and aiming errors (jitter and boresight). Range to target can vary from one type of designator to another.

b. Remote Designator Location Offset. When the remote designator is located in an offset position in azimuth from the launch aircraft, care must be taken to ensure that the laser spot is on a section of the target that is visible to the missile. The remote designator should not be displaced more than ±60 degrees in azimuth from the launch aircraft to the target line.

c. Remote Designator Safety Zone. The remote designator should ensure that the designation position is not inside the 20 degrees designator avoidance area (Figure 5-13). If the designating aircraft is unable to designate outside of the avoidance area, the minimum laser delay time must be accurately computed and utilized. The difference in time of flight for a missile launched form the designator's position and the launching platform site is the minimum delay that must be adhered to. Follow the guidelines shown in Figure 5-13.

d. Minimum Engagement Range. Due to the Hellfire missile's trajectory shaping and seeker scan pattern during LOAL mode, it will be necessary to increase the minimum engagement ranges as the launch altitude increases above the target altitude. As launch altitude increases the missiles ability to see the target at shorter ranges decreases. The minimum LOAL engagement ranges shown in Table 5-8are for launch altitudes less than 50 feet above target altitude. Increase these minimum ranges by 0.5 KM for altitudes of 50-400 feet and by 1.0 KM for altitudes 401-800 feet above the target. Minimum LOBL target engagement ranges are shown in Table 5-9. Maximum missile altitude is shown in Table 5-10.