3-1. This chapter describes the employment of the RAS, DCS, and their associated ACTs in the execution of their primary missions—reconnaissance and security operations. In addition to conducting reconnaissance and security operations, the squadron enhances and conducts special-purpose, JAAT, and air combat operations. It also assists in the passage of lines.

3-2. The RAS operates under the control of the ACR and, in special situations, could be placed under OPCON of corps, TF, or division headquarters. It is normally employed at the squadron level but may be assigned missions below squadron for specific operations and periods.

3-3. The squadron commander task-organizes the squadron for employment as required for combat operations. Reorganization may be based on METT-T. The RAS is normally employed with organic assets but may receive and operationally control other combined arms assets.

3-4. An ACT may be placed under OPCON of a ground squadron. This method is most effective when a habitual relationship is established.

3-5. DCSs are organic to armored (heavy), light infantry, air assault (identified as an ACS) and airborne division aviation brigades. The squadron may be placed under OPCON to corps, brigade, or other maneuver headquarters. The aviation brigade commander may also employ it. The squadron is normally employed at the squadron level but may be assigned missions below squadron for a specific mission or time.

3-6. The structure of the squadron varies, depending on the organization to which it is assigned and METT-T. The squadron primarily conducts reconnaissance and security operations.

3-7. The ACT consists of two platoons of four OH-58D KWs each. Based on possible employment methods, aircraft crews must maintain proficiency in cavalry and attack roles.

3-8. Based on a 75-percent availability rate for planning, the ACT will have six aircraft operational. Considering the factors of METT-T, the troop commander can organize in several ways. The troop can either be divided into ACTMs of two aircraft or by platoons.

3-9. Teams of two use the wingman concept. The lead aircraft is primarily responsible for the reconnaissance and the wingman for the protection of the aircraft conducting the reconnaissance or security mission. Relief on station is conducted by another team. The following situations favor using teams of two:

• Close terrain that does not allow full standoff capability.
• Threat that is mostly dismounted.
• Widely separated NAIs or other reconnaissance objectives.

3-10. Using platoons allow for a wider frontage to be covered. Aircraft still maintain contact with other platoon members and provide mutually supporting fields of observation. The platoon leader rotates individual aircraft to and from the FARP. The following situations favor the use of platoons:

• Open terrain that makes use of standoff capability.
• Threat that is mostly mechanized or armor.
• Wider frontages with multiple NAIs.
• Greater than 1.5 hour employment periods.

3-11. In the ATKHT, the commander will command from an aircraft positioned forward where he can effectively control his unit and see the battlefield. Based on a 75-percent availability rate for planning, the ATKHT will have six aircraft operational. Considering the factors of METT-T, the troop commander can organize in several ways. The troop can either be divided into various team mixes (three teams of two or a heavy and/or light team with 4/2 aircraft) or by platoons. The ATKHT normally operates with two platoons for ease of C².

3-12. Before an engagement, the ATKHT commander or his representative conducts final coordination with the air and/or ground commander or S3. Preferably, such coordination should be conducted face to face. The ATKHT performs its mission in the same way as the AH company in an ATKHB, as discussed in FM 1-112.

3-13. ATKHT can be assigned missions to perform reconnaissance tasks. These tasks are performed in the same manner as an ACT.

3-14. The AHT of the RAS provides the squadron commander with a highly mobile, flexible, and responsive force. This unit can conduct a wide variety of CS and CSS missions. The AHT provides the ability to conduct limited air assaults, air movement of critical supplies using external and internal loads, CASEVAC, aerial mine warfare (VOLCANO), DART, and C² operations. The AHT commander organizes his assets on a mission-by-mission basis. Rarely will the AHT operate as a whole, and often elements of the AHT will be under the DS of a squadron to conduct missions.

3-15. The Armored RAS and divisional GSAB have 4 EH-60 Quickfix helicopters assigned. The 4 EH-60s in the armored RAS are organic to the HHT. During combat these aircraft will normally be under operational control of an MI company and will receive missions directly from that company. The EH-60 Quickfix gives the commander the capability to direction find, monitor selected frequencies, and jam.

3-16. The ACR, division, or corps commander and squadron commanders have a number of options available to them when employing ACTs. Options of employing troops in attack or R&S mode must be weighed carefully against the METT-T requirements. Some possible options followed by advantages and disadvantages are noted below (these listed options are not all inclusive) (see Table 3-1, below).

3-17. The primary missions of air cavalry are to conduct reconnaissance and security. Reconnaissance is a mission undertaken to obtain information about the activities and resources of an enemy or about the meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area. Reconnaissance is a focused collection effort that produces combat information. Reconnaissance is performed before, during, and after other combat operations to provide information used by the squadron or ground force commanders to confirm or modify the plan.

3-18. ACTs gather and report the information on which the squadron commander or ground force commander bases plans, decisions, and orders. Reconnaissance missions are divided into four categories—route, zone, area, and reconnaissance-in-force. ACTs may be assigned any combination of the four categories of reconnaissance. In most mission profiles, integration of ground and air cavalry provides mutual reinforcement. For example, ground cavalry may reinforce air cavalry if the terrain offers concealment from aerial observation. The distance the ACT operates from the supported unit (i.e., ground cavalry unit, main body, or both) is a function of METT-T but generally is forward enough to provide the ground commander time to maneuver before enemy direct fires can be brought into effect.

3-19. A primary consideration is the ability of ACTs to maintain communication with their ground counterparts and squadron headquarters. The flow of information between ACTs and ground troops increases the efficiency of the reconnaissance and survivability of each asset. When ACTs operate with or without ground troops, they maintain communications with the squadron's TOC (digital and voice), or the controlling maneuver commander's TOC.

3-20. Reconnaissance missions focus on reconnaissance objectives and set strict criteria for engagement and developing the situation in conjunction with ground forces and supporting fires. Supporting fires include indirect fire (troop mortars, DS and GS artillery) and TACAIR. Nonlethal SEAD and EW assets should also be considered and employed whenever available. These assets support the ACT during reconnaissance operations. Their availability is essential to the success of ACTs.

3-21. The air cavalry conducts reconnaissance according to six fundamentals. These fundamentals are as follows:

• Orient on the location or movement of the reconnaissance objective. The objective may be a terrain feature, a locality, or an enemy force. Air cavalry must orient on the objective and position itself to retain freedom of maneuver.
• Report all information rapidly and accurately. Information that initially appears unimportant may become valuable when used with other information. Knowing that an enemy force is not in one location can be just as important as knowing it is in another. Reconnaissance reports must be relayed in a timely manner for the information to be useful to the commander.
• Retain freedom to maneuver. Air cavalry must move to survive. It obtains information by stealth, when possible, but fights as necessary to accomplish the mission. Overwatch, suppressive fire, cunning, and constant awareness of the tactical situation to the flanks help retain freedom to maneuver. The air cavalry commander maneuvers his elements to avoid decisive engagement. Once engaged, the air cavalry will lose some of its capability to continue the reconnaissance. Therefore, air cavalry engagements during reconnaissance operations consist only of those actions required to prevent decisive engagements and to continue the reconnaissance mission.
• Gain and maintain enemy contact. Contact reduces the enemy's ability to achieve surprise. Once contact is made, it is not voluntarily broken; orders must be received to break contact. The air cavalry may be the first friendly element that establishes contact with the enemy. Once the air cavalry establishes contact, it reports the information immediately. The air cavalry commander should be continually updated on the tactical situation. The air cavalry may maintain visual contact from a great distance, or it may engage with organic and/or attached AH fire. The degree of contact desired is determined before the mission begins.
• Ensure maximum reconnaissance forces forward. The maximum number of intelligence-gathering assets and their capabilities are involved in the reconnaissance effort. Air cavalry is most valuable when it is providing essential battlefield information. To do this, it must be positioned as far forward as METT-T factors allow. It operates at a distance supported by CS and CSS assets.
• Develop the situation rapidly. When the enemy situation is vague or unknown, the air cavalry deploys to gather information for the supported commander. Immediately on gaining enemy contact, it deploys to cover, maintains observation, and reports and develops the situation. It develops the situation based on the tactical order, unit SOP, or the directions of the commander.

3-22. The air mission commander verifies the location of the FARP, active times, and Class III and/or Class V availability during mission planning. The squadron S4 and III and/or V platoon leader are responsible for all FARP operations in support of the ACT's mission. Refueling and rearming times and the requirement to maintain continuous operations dictate the FARP's location. The air mission commander must maintain close coordination with the squadron and possibly other aviation brigade elements in the area, to ensure that the location of the FARP supports the reconnaissance mission. When possible, FARP operations should be part of the mission rehearsal.

3-23. ASE and/or EW considerations must be part of the mission planning process to minimize risks while accomplishing the mission. Detailed instructions are contained in Appendix H.

3-24. Air cavalry's ability to conduct reconnaissance is a function of the enemy situation (especially enemy ADA and direct fire systems), terrain in the AO, weather conditions, and the logistics support availability.

3-25. An ACT can reconnoiter two routes simultaneously. It can conduct a zone reconnaissance on 8-10 kilometer-wide zone (terrain dependent). An ACT can conduct a zone reconnaissance at a rate of 10 kilometers per hour (terrain dependent).

3-26. The three methods of reconnaissance at the ACT level are aerial, reconnaissance by fire, and dismounted. The air mission commander and/or team leader may use any method or combination of methods to accomplish the reconnaissance mission under the considerations of METT-T, and the higher commander’s intent and guidance. Aerial reconnaissance may also include conducting coordinated reconnaissance forward of a GCT. When conducting reconnaissance forward of ground troops, coordination must take place to prevent fratricide.

3-27. The ACT uses this technique in most of its reconnaissance efforts. It is characterized by—

• The need for rapid reconnaissance.
• The use of aircraft TIS and/or TVS systems to acquire targets and/or reconnaissance objectives at the maximum standoff distance.
• Use of onboard video imagery to acquire the combat information.
• Low probability of enemy ADA threat.
• The need to clear the area forward of the ground cavalry to accelerate the reconnaissance tempo.
• The requirement to maintain reconnaissance over extended distances. (Circumstances and/or terrain may preclude the use of ground cavalry to execute missions, forcing the air cavalry to maintain a presence in an AO.)

3-28. When conducting reconnaissance by fire the troop and/or team places direct and/or indirect fire on positions the enemy is suspected of occupying. If using the OH-58D with ordnance for direct fire, more FARP rotations are required. The intent of the action is to cause the enemy to disclose his presence by moving or returning fire. The commander may use reconnaissance by fire when—

• Situation meets strict engagement criteria.
• Time is critical.
• Encountering obstacles that could be overwatched by an enemy.
• An enemy position is suspected.
• Enemy locations are known.
  
  

3-29. The technique has advantages and disadvantages. It is more advantageous with a poorly disciplined enemy that will likely react when engaged. The disadvantages of reconnaissance by fire are the obvious loss of surprise, exposing the location of the firing element, and the possibility of becoming decisively engaged. Requires more frequent FARP rotations.

3-30. Once the decision is made to employ this technique, the weapons should be used in the following priority: indirect fire, machine gun and/or rockets, (Hellfire) missiles. The limited organic firepower in an ACT emphasizes the use of indirect fire as the primary means of engagement.

3-31. The ACT commander may direct aircrews to conduct dismounted reconnaissance in extreme circumstances when information is required on a specific reconnaissance objective. This technique is time intensive, can place the aircraft in a vulnerable position, and does not make the best use of aircraft systems.

3-32. The ACT uses four basic techniques to conduct a reconnaissance mission. These techniques are—

• Observation. Observation is continuous and is performed by all aircrews. Aircrews constantly apply the three basic visual search techniques—stationary, motive, and sidescan. Crews integrate the MMS into their observation technique for its TVS and/or TIS and its ability to cover the dead space to the aircraft's rear. Aerial observation techniques are used to detect, identify, locate, and report combat information as described in TC 1-209 (ATM]. Aircrews use terrain flight techniques and airspeeds to evade detection and accomplish the mission.
• Maneuver. Aircrews use low-level, contour, and NOE terrain flight modes based on the probability of enemy contact and available terrain. Troop movements are conducted using traveling, traveling overwatch, and bounding overwatch movement techniques.

• Overwatch. Overwatch includes both observation and suppression. The overwatching aircraft, in its concealed position, continues to observe the area as well as the moving or bounding aircraft. Primarily, the overwatching aircraft enhances the survivability of the bounding aircraft by alerting the team member of an enemy sighting or suspicious activity. If the enemy is contacted, the overwatching aircraft assists by providing suppressive fire if needed.
• Reporting. Reports of direct visual observation are the most important and timely combat information available. Therefore, reports must be accurate, concise, and timely. Reports of no enemy sightings are as equally important as actual enemy sightings.

3-33. When tasked to conduct reconnaissance operations the ACT can split its area into team zones depending on METT-T. Use of waypoints on the HSD to visually define the reconnaissance zone simplifies the reconnaissance effort. Use of the MMS to prepoint NAIs at maximum standoff and overwatch team and/or troop members adds depth to the zone.

3-34. When an ACT conducts a zone reconnaissance to a screen in nonrestrictive terrain, the troop can operate up to 10 kilometers forward of ground troops due to the quality of communications, target acquisition capability MMS, and onboard armament of its aircraft. Close coordination and continuous communication between forces is critical to preventing the possibility of fratricide.

3-35. Because of its ability to conduct long range observation, the ACT is placed forward, and if possible, to the flanks of ground elements, adding depth to the commander's zone. To increase operational tempo, the ACT focuses its reconnaissance effort on areas that impede ground cavalry movement (battalion avenues of approach or likely enemy reconnaissance and/or infiltration routes).

3-36. Actions on enemy contact are a series of steps the troop takes when it encounters an enemy force or situation that warrants or demands action. Actions on contact are important because they allow the troop to maintain its tempo of operation by rapidly developing the situation and taking action before the enemy can gain the initiative and force the troop to react. At troop, platoon, or team level, actions on enemy contact consist of the following four steps:

• Deploy to cover and report.
• Maintain contact and develop the situation.
• Choose a COA.
• Recommend or execute a COA.

3-37. While the team that makes contact executes actions on contact, the AMC must continue to maneuver the remainder of the troop to ensure a clear picture of the enemy situation across the entire troop front. The following steps demonstrate the actions taken by the team in contact and the corresponding actions at the troop level:

3-38. Team Action. The team that makes initial contact with the enemy immediately deploys to terrain that affords them both cover and good observation. If necessary, the team returns fire to suppress the enemy, and then deploys to a covered position and reports (digital).

3-39. Troop Action. All other team leaders monitor the contact report. The AMC assesses the information and maneuvers to a position to monitor the action. However, the troop must not lose focus on the reconnaissance mission.

3-40. Team Action. The team in contact further identifies the threat. The team maneuvers to determine the enemy's size, composition, and orientation, and the exact location of weapon systems. The team may also use reconnaissance by fire to determine the enemy's tactical intentions. The reconnaissance-by-fire technique should, however, be conducted with indirect-fire assets when possible to avoid revealing the aircrew's position. The ACT and/or AMC needs to establish indirect and/or direct fire control measures to control fires. To determine if the enemy can be supported by any other forces, the team should search for enemy flanks and all adjacent terrain. They identify good counterattack routes into the flanks or rear of the enemy. Once the team leader determines the extent of the situation, he forwards a follow-up spot report (digital).

3-41. Troop Action. The AMC will most likely tell the team not in contact to continue its reconnaissance to a designated LOA to develop the situation across the entire troop front. By doing this, the troop can determine if there are any other enemy forces in the area that will affect the situation. The team not in contact will establish hasty OPs along the LOA oriented on likely enemy locations or avenues of approach.

3-42. Team Action. Once the enemy situation has been developed, the team leader selects the best COA within the commander's intent, concept of the operation and the team’s capabilities. Resuming the mission as soon as possible is normally the main criteria for COA selection. The possible COA may be—

• Hasty attack. The team leader can conduct a hasty attack if the target meets the engagement criteria for the mission and the team possesses sufficient combat power to defeat the enemy quickly. In most cases the team does not have the capability to defeat an enemy in prepared positions and is normally under specific instructions not to become decisively engaged.
• Bypass. If the team chooses to remain undetected and continue the reconnaissance mission, the team may maneuver to bypass the enemy. The team leader must receive the AMC's permission (either verbally or as stated in the OPORD) to bypass any elements. Unless directed otherwise, the team leader should leave an aircrew in contact with the enemy until conducting a BHO.
• Hasty screen. If the team cannot conduct a hasty attack and cannot bypass, it establishes a hasty screen and maintains contact through observation. The team concentrates on maintaining contact with the enemy and fixing it in place with indirect or possibly direct fire until additional support comes from the troop or other unit.
• Support by another team. The team in contact may support a BHO for a hasty attack by another team or an ATKHT, if available.

3-43. Troop Action. The AMC must approve or disapprove the recommended COA, based on its effect on the troop and squadron mission. The overriding considerations in selecting a COA are the intent of the squadron commander and the troop's ability to complete the mission with minimum losses. The decision to conduct a hasty attack requires the AMC and/or team leader to conduct hasty attack planning. This planning should consist of the following:

• Select an ABF or SBF position.
• Define the EA.
• Define the target.
• Determine the method of engagement.
• Establish criteria for success.
• Establish a trigger point.
• Divide the EA for troop and/or team level fire coordination and establishing control measures for direct and/or indirect fire planning.
• Coordinate for CAS, JAAT, and artillery.
• Plan the BHO.
• Coordinate the change to CSS requirements, i.e., adjust weapons loads, adjust relief-on-station rotation.
• Deconflict direct and indirect fires with ground troops.

3-44. A route reconnaissance is conducted to obtain information about a specific route and all adjacent terrain from which the enemy could influence movement along the route. The reconnaissance may be oriented on a road, an axis, an air route, or a general direction of advance or attack. The squadron normally does not conduct a route reconnaissance. The route reconnaissance is usually conducted as part of a zone reconnaissance. The mission is best accomplished by employing ACTMs with ground cavalry teams. ACTMs and ground cavalry teams gather information about the designated route and all adjacent terrain from which an enemy could engage friendly forces with direct fires. ACTMs begin the operation and reconnoiter adjacent terrain to the front, flanks, and rear providing early warning, uncover ambushes, and provide overwatch so that the ground cavalry team can concentrate on conducting a reconnaissance of the route. The ACTM may periodically dismount to physically inspect key terrain, if the situation allows. Command of the route reconnaissance will normally be assigned to the ground force because they do not rotate crews like aviation, instead they remain on station. Further information on route reconnaissance is in FM 5-170. Figure 3-1 shows the troop graphics for a route reconnaissance.

3-45. The following critical tasks are for a route reconnaissance:

• Reconnoiter all terrain the enemy can use to dominate movement along the route.
• Reconnoiter all terrain within the zone, assist scout platoon(s) with built-up areas.
• Locate sites for constructing hasty obstacles to impede enemy movement.
• Reconnoiter all defiles along the route for possible ambush sites and locate a bypass.
• Locate a bypass around built-up areas, obstacles, and contaminated areas.
• Find and report all enemy that can influence movement along the route.
• Report route information.

3-46. Before conducting a route reconnaissance, the air cavalry element must know certain information about the route. This information includes—

• Critical tasks to be accomplished by ACTM and scout platoon, when used. Any tasks that may be deleted during the reconnaissance are identified.
• Task organization. Any reinforcements, especially engineers, and their relationship to the troop are identified. Supporting artillery relationships are also defined.
• SP, RP, and designation of the route.
• Mission to be performed to the SP and after reaching the RP.
• Time the mission is to start and, if required, to be completed.
• Critical points along the route identified as checkpoints.
• IPB information on the route and enemy situation.
• Any constraints or restrictions.
• Expected weather conditions for the time of movement.
• Type of unit or vehicles expected to use the route, if applicable.
• Time of day or night the route is expected to be used, if applicable.

3-47. When time is not available, scout platoon assets are not available, or the mission does not require detailed information, cavalry assets may have to conduct a hasty route reconnaissance. In this case, information gathering is limited to the type of route (X--unlimited or all weather, Y--limited or fair weather, or Z--poor weather) and obstacle limitations (maximum weight, height, and width). The commander may also identify certain additional information that must be gathered.

3-48. ACTM(s) and scout platoon(s) should keep records on all routes reconnoitered. Several methods are acceptable for recording this information. One method is to assign each key terrain feature (bridge, fording site, bypass site) a number on the map and detail the intelligence information on a separate work sheet. This method ensures completeness and simplicity and reduces map clutter.

3-49. The use of the AVTR or Video Xlink to record areas of interest along the route provides superior combat information to the requesting headquarters. If the AVTR is used, planning must be conducted to return the 8mm tape to the requesting headquarters and crews must use a standardized video reconnaissance technique to clearly associate terrain with the targets portrayed on the video image. If phototelesis (the sending of real time or still frames of video) is used, the squadron AMPS operator may print the video image and transmit the image by fax or courier to the using headquarters.

3-50. The principles of an air route reconnaissance are the same as for a route reconnaissance except that the areas of interest are different. Aviation forces moving along an air route are primarily concerned with the location of enemy forces, ease of navigation, suitability of landing sites and zones, and hazards to flight. Hazards to flight include suspected enemy AD locations, mountainous areas, wires, large bodies of water, open terrain, and other natural and man-made features.

3-51. A zone reconnaissance is a directed effort to obtain information concerning all routes, obstacles (to include chemical or radiological contamination), terrain, and enemy forces within a zone defined by boundaries. The boundaries of a zone are restrictive, unlike those of an area reconnaissance, which are permissive. ACTMs require permission from the ground commander to extend their reconnaissance outside of the zone's boundaries. It is the most time-consuming of the reconnaissance missions. The purpose may be to find the enemy or suitable avenues of approach for the main body. A zone reconnaissance is normally conducted when information on cross-country trafficability is desired or when the enemy situation is in doubt. Every route within the zone must be reconnoitered unless otherwise directed. The zone to be reconnoitered is defined by lateral boundaries, a LD, and an objective or LOA.

3-52. Certain tasks must be accomplished during a zone reconnaissance unless specifically directed otherwise by the commander. Based on time and the commander's intent, the cavalry commander may direct the reconnaissance towards specific information only. The following critical tasks are for a zone reconnaissance:

• Find and report all enemy forces within the zone.
• Reconnoiter specific terrain within the zone and assist scout platoon(s) with built-up areas.
• Report reconnaissance information.
• Reconnoiter all terrain within the zone and assist scout platoon(s) with built-up areas. *
• Find suitable covered and concealed air avenues of approach. *
• Determine significant adverse weather. *
• Locate a bypass around built-up areas, obstacles, and contaminated areas. *
• Inspect and classify all bridges, overpasses, underpasses, and culverts within the zone. *
• Locate fords and crossing sites near all bridges in the zone. *
• Locate all mines, obstacles, and barriers in the zone within its capability and assist ground cavalry units in their clearance. *

3-53. The squadron, depending on time and the commander’s intent, normally conducts a zone reconnaissance by employing ACTMs in concert with scout platoons. The ACTMs can perform the zone reconnaissance with or without support from scout platoons. The ATKHTs or OPCON AH company, if available, can be held in reserve or if time is critical they can support the zone reconnaissance effort using their onboard sensors (TIS, FLIR, FCR, and video recorder). The commander assigns boundaries between elements to specify zones of responsibility. Sectors should be near easily recognizable terrain features such as roads, streams, and prominent structures. After establishing zones, the unit designates an LD and specifies a crossing time. PLs, contact points, coordination points, and checkpoints ease essential coordination between adjacent elements. PLs are established as needed to control and coordinate forward movement. Failure to keep reconnaissance elements abreast may result in the bypass of enemy elements, envelopment by enemy forces, or engagement of friendly forces. Like boundaries, PLs should generally follow features that are easy to recognize, particularly for night operations or periods of limited visibility (smoke, haze, fog). Contact points are designated on boundaries to ensure physical coordination between adjacent elements. Contact points are designated at—

• Points that ensure proper coverage of the zone.
• Critical points (such as, a route crossing from one troop sector into another).
• Points that ease movement, lateral coordination of fires or positions, passage of lines, or logistics support.

3-54. Troops report crossing PLs but do not stop unless ordered to do so. Once the operation begins, the enemy may be alerted. Forward momentum should be maintained to gain and maintain enemy contact and to keep the enemy off balance. The zone is systematically reconnoitered from the LD to the objective or LOA. Figure 3-2 shows the graphics for a RAS zone reconnaissance. Figure 3-3 shows the graphics for a division cavalry troop zone reconnaissance.

3-55. If enemy contact is made, ACTMs maintain contact, report, and develop the situation. Reconnaissance forces may be instructed to bypass, engage and destroy, or maintain contact until an AH or ground maneuver unit arrives to engage. The squadron may direct specific engagements and/or bypass criteria for the ACTs. To ensure continuity of effort, the squadron designates the forward movement of the operation and tells each element what to do after mission completion. If the squadron is not given a follow-on mission, the ACTMs should be assigned objectives on dominant terrain to maintain surveillance and ensure enemy situation in zone remains as reported. In addition to reporting significant activities in the zone, the ACTMs report all appropriate control measures (PLs, checkpoints, contact points).

3-56. Generally, when working with a ground troop, the ACT will perform a well coordinated zone reconnaissance forward of the ground troop and will reconnoiter terrain not assessable to the ground troop. If time is critical, the ACTM may perform the zone reconnaissance alone with the understanding that the combat information obtained will be less detailed.

3-57. The air mission commander uses multiple teams to conduct a zone reconnaissance. Team leaders are assigned the responsibility for planning the reconnaissance within the team sectors. Team leaders select the method of reconnaissance, the mode of terrain flight, and movement technique based on the IPB with specific emphasis on hazards to navigation and enemy ADA. Starting with the LD, the teams reconnoiter each zone in a systematic manner based on terrain, number of aircraft in the team, and the width of the zone

3-58. Zones are divided into troop and/or platoon zones. Boundaries designate areas of responsibility when more than one troop and/or platoon are deployed abreast. PLs assist in controlling movement to ensure that reconnaissance elements remain abreast.

3-59. Before departing on the mission, the team leader selects significant checkpoints for examination and plans a route between the checkpoints, using terrain and vegetation to conceal the aircraft movements. The team leader also coordinates to ensure any specific tasks for support of the ground force commander are integrated into the reconnaissance plan. Specific tasks that may be assigned to an ACT while working with ground forces may include—

• Reconnoitering terrain not easily accessible to ground vehicles.
• Rapidly checking key points in zone.
• Locating and reporting the flanks of enemy forces encountered by air or ground scouts.
• Locating, reporting, and bypassing obstacles and enemy positions.
• Providing security on the far side of obstacles while ground forces reconnoiter and clear them.

3-60. The purpose of an area reconnaissance is to gather intelligence or to conduct surveillance of a specified area. The target may be key terrain, a farm, a bridge, a ridgeline, a wooded area, a proposed AA, an LZ, or other features that will be critical to an operation. The specified area to be reconnoitered is designated by boundary lines enclosing the area. METT-T will determine the movement technique the reconnaissance element will use to reach the area and the method by which the area will be systematically reconnoitered. The ACTM also reconnoiters dominant terrain outside the specified area from which the enemy can influence friendly operations.

3-61. During a area reconnaissance, the following critical tasks apply, unless directed otherwise:

• Reconnoiter specific terrain within the area and dominant terrain outside the specific area from which the enemy can influence friendly operations.
• Report reconnaissance information.
• Find and report all enemy within the area.
• Reconnoiter all terrain within the area and assist scout platoon(s) with built-up areas. *
• Determine significant adverse weather. *
  
  
• Locate a bypass around built-up areas, obstacles, and contaminated areas. *
• Inspect and classify all bridges, overpasses, underpasses, and culverts within the area. *
• Locate fords and crossing sites near all bridges in the area. *
• Locate all mines, obstacles, and barriers in the area within its capability and assist ground cavalry units in their clearance. *

3-62. The squadron commander first considers the factors of METT-T. Rapid movement to the objective is important, but the main consideration usually is security. Avoidance of known enemy locations and enemy surveillance elements is imperative. Primary and alternate routes to the objective area are therefore selected based on security and speed. Terrain flight techniques are used to move to the area. The commander treats the assigned area like a zone reconnaissance. The area is enclosed in a boundary. Upon completion of the reconnaissance, the squadron departs the area on a different route.

3-63. The primary difference between a zone and an area reconnaissance is the nature (restrictive versus permissive) of the boundaries. A zone reconnaissance has restrictive boundaries that define the ACTM mission area. Because of this, a zone reconnaissance does not have an implied task to reconnoiter dominating terrain that is outside of the zone. The boundaries of an area reconnaissance are permissive and allow the ACTM greater freedom in selecting their ingress and egress routes. The squadron may move to and reconnoiter one large area or several small, air cavalry dispersed areas. It may also assign this mission to one or more ACTs. An area reconnaissance may be performed behind friendly lines or deep behind enemy lines. Emphasis is normally placed on reaching the objective area quickly. The squadron usually moves over several routes to reduce mission execution times.

3-64. The squadron commander may divide the area into troop zones with designated objectives for each respective unit. The flanks of the overall objective area are secured first, reconnaissance efforts may then be focused inward. ACTMs may establish a screen on the flank to provide security for the ground reconnaissance forces. ACTMs may have to dismount and physically reconnoiter a specific area. Figure 3-4 shows the graphics for an area reconnaissance.

3-65. Long range observation should be used whenever possible to reduce the enemy's ability to determine the reconnaissance objective. If a flyover is required in a hostile environment, crews must be able to collect the desired information rapidly while flying over an area only once, if possible, but never from the same direction twice.

3-66. A reconnaissance in force is a limited objective operation. It is conducted by a larger than squadron force to obtain information and to locate and test the enemy's disposition, strength, and reaction. As the name implies, a reconnaissance in force is an action to develop battlefield intelligence and to reduce uncertainties about the enemy. Initially, as part of the force, the squadron conducts a zone reconnaissance to update the force commander. The squadron may also screen the movement of the force. If enemy contact is made, squadron assets continue reconnaissance to find weaknesses or to develop the situation. The augmenting forces must have the firepower, mobility, and agility required for this role.

3-67. Reconnaissance in force mission is assigned when limited information about the enemy is available. It is also assigned when the commander desires more specific information on the enemy, and when this information cannot be gathered by any other means.

3-68. The C² function for a reconnaissance in force is similar to that for any other operation. However, a reconnaissance in force is characterized by violent, high-tempo actions that are integrated and coordinated throughout the entire effort. Engineer assets in a mobility role may augment squadron elements. Armor, infantry, and cavalry units make up the main force, and FA assets provide flexible DS to the force. AD assets may also augment squadron forces to enhance the overall AD effort of the force. When enemy contact is established, squadron elements direct and secure movement of the main force. They call for and adjust fires and assist engineer and AD forces in support of the main force.

3-69. An LZ and/or PZ reconnaissance is an area reconnaissance performed to determine the suitability for air assault operations of a designated area. Principal concerns are determining if enemy forces are present and in a position to bring direct fires onto the LZ and/or PZ, while evaluating the physical characteristics of the area. This reconnaissance is often performed as a subtask during air assault security missions. An LZ and/or PZ reconnaissance looks for predetermined, specific intelligence requirements. The commander assigned this mission should receive, as a minimum, information on the ground force's objective and other actions after landing, time of the air assault, and the number and type of aircraft in each lift. ACTMs evaluating the LZ and/or PZ should create a sketch of the area with pertinent information included (Figure 3-5).

While conducting the reconnaissance, ACTMs evaluate and make recommendations of the following tactical considerations:

• Mission. CTMs evaluate whether the LZ and/or PZ will facilitate the unit's ability to accomplish the mission from or at that location.
• Location. Will the LZ and/or PZ meet the commander's intent for distance from the objective?
• Security. Recommendations are made on the force that will be required to provide security during the air assault.
• Technical characteristics of the LZ and/or PZ. These characteristics include—

• Specific Requirements. If the ACTM can determine specific requirements, recommendations are made on the following additional technical requirements:

• Meteorological conditions. If meteorological conditions observed during the reconnaissance are expected to be present during the air assault, then ACTMs assess the impact of the following meteorological factors:

3-70. ACT's may be required to conduct NBC reconnaissance tasks. Ground forces should be the primary assets to conduct NBC reconnaissance missions. Tasks may include chemical agent detection, radiological monitoring, and survey operations. NBC reconnaissance may be an implied task during all reconnaissance operations. The purpose of an NBC reconnaissance is to locate the boundaries of contamination or routes around or through a contaminated area or both. This information is used to plan future operations and is vital to the success of friendly operations. Normally, an entire troop does not conduct an NBC reconnaissance, ACTMs are assigned this mission. NBC reconnaissance operations are resource intensive and require extensive planning, to include the decontamination of aircrews and aircraft. Commanders must be aware of the capabilities and limitations of aircraft in conducting NBC reconnaissance. An assessment must be made to determine if aviation assets must be used for NBC reconnaissance.

3-71. Chemical agent detection will probably be the most frequent NBC reconnaissance task required of air cavalry elements. Before moving into or occupying an area, unit commanders are concerned with enemy activity and the presence of chemical hazards. The squadron is specifically tailored to accomplish both tasks simultaneously. When determining the presence or absence of chemical agents, the squadron gathers information to answer the following questions:

• Is a chemical agent present?
• If an agent is present, what type is it?
• Where was the agent first detected?
• What are the boundaries of the contaminated area?
• Is a clean route available through the area?

3-72. Before conducting an NBC reconnaissance, the troop commander ensures that the equipment is available and properly prepared. Equipment normally used by the reconnaissance element for chemical and biological reconnaissance includes an automatic alarm, CAM, M256 detector kit, M9 paper, M272 water test kit, and M34 sampling kit. Equipment normally used by the element for radiological reconnaissance include radiacmeter, IM-174 or AN/VDR-2 and dosimeter, IM-93 or pocket radiac, AN/UDR-13. The commander also determines areas of priority. These areas include possible movement routes and unit locations. Finally, the commander designates an area to which the reconnaissance element can return for decontamination.

3-73. During NBC reconnaissance planning, the squadron or troop commander designates areas of responsibility and determines distances between checkpoints. (The distance between each checkpoint depends on the factors of METT-T.) The reconnaissance team initially conducts checks at 500-meter intervals. The team concentrates on areas where chemical agents collect such as low spots, valleys, and sheltered locations. It uses the M256 kit to detect vapors and M9 paper to check liquids. When time is critical, the team uses samplers or detectors only when necessary. Upon detecting a chemical agent, the reconnaissance team marks the area and then moves back to a clean area. It moves laterally a predetermined distance and direction, usually 500 meters, and then moves forward again. The team follows this procedure until it reaches the unit boundary or finds a clean route through the contaminated area.

3-74. The manner in which the information is reported depends on how urgently the information is needed. If time is critical, the information is transmitted by radio using the NBC 4-report format. If time is not critical or if radio assets cannot be used, the information is recorded and carried back to the unit. DA Form 1971-2-R (Chemical Data Sheet - Monitoring or Survey) is used to record and transfer reconnaissance information. FM 3-3 describes reporting procedures in detail. Figure 3-6 shows a completed DA Form 1971-2-R.

3-75. The ACS is responsible for conducting radiological monitoring in its AO to determine the presence and intensity of residual radiation hazards. The radiation may be from fallout or NIGA areas. The IM174/PD radiacmeter or AN/VDR-2 radiac set is used to monitor radiation. The procedure is outlined in FM 3-3-1. Figure 3-7 shows an example of a completed DA Form 1971-R (Radiological Data Sheet - Monitoring or Point Technique) and Figure 3-8 shows an example of a completed DA Form 1971-1-R (Radiological Data Sheet - Route or Course Leg Technique [Ground and Aerial Survey]).

3-76. Both nuclear and chemical surveys are conducted. Nuclear surveys are conducted to determine the extent and intensity of contamination. Chemical surveys are conducted to determine the size of a contaminated area. Surveys provide information on which future operations are based. Surveys in the covering force area or forward of the FLOT are not normally performed unless the information is critical and the loss of survey assets is acceptable. The squadron and the NBC center (division, corps, area support group, and theater level G3s) coordinate all survey missions. A group composed of a control team and one or more survey teams conducts a survey. The control team is normally formed at squadron level, and survey teams are formed at troop level. The control team controls and directs the survey teams or troops. In radiological surveys, only the minimum number of personnel is exposed to radiation. The control and survey teams may perform aerial and ground radiological surveys. FMs 3-3, 3-3-1, and 3-19 describe in detail nuclear and chemical surveys.

3-77. Security operations are conducted to gather information about the enemy and to provide early warning, reaction time, maneuver space, and protection for the main body. Security operations are characterized by reconnaissance to reduce terrain and enemy unknowns, gaining and maintaining contact with the enemy to ensure continuous information flow, and providing early and accurate reporting of information to the protected force. Security missions include screen, guard, cover, and area security missions.

3-78. Security operations are defined by both the degree of protection offered to the main body and the physical characteristics of the operation.

3-79. The primary purpose of a screen is to provide early warning to the main body. Based on the higher commander's intent and the screen's capabilities, it may also destroy enemy reconnaissance and impede and harass the enemy main body with indirect and/or direct fires. Screen missions are defensive in nature and largely accomplished by establishing a series of OPs and conducting patrols to ensure adequate surveillance of the assigned sector. The screen provides the protected force with the least protection of any security mission.

3-80. A guard force accomplishes all the tasks of a screening force. Additionally, a guard force prevents enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body. A guard force reconnoiters, attacks, defends, and delays as necessary to accomplish its mission. A guard force normally operates within the range of main body indirect-fire weapons. The main body commander assigns the guard mission when he expects contact or has an exposed flank that requires greater protection than a screen provides.

3-81. A covering force accomplishes all the tasks of screening and guard forces. Additionally, a covering force operates apart from the main body to develop the situation early and deceives, disorganizes, and destroys enemy forces. Unlike screening or guard forces, a covering force is tactically self-contained and capable of operating independently of the main body.

3-82. Area security is a form of security that includes reconnaissance and security of designated personnel, airfields, unit convoys, facilities, main supply routes, lines of communications, equipment, and critical points. An area security force neutralizes or defeats enemy operations in a specified area. It operates in an area delineated by the headquarters assigning the area security mission. It screens, reconnoiters, attacks, defends, and delays as necessary to accomplish its mission. Area security operations focus on the enemy, the force being protected, or a combination of the two.

3-83. The squadron conducts security operations according to the five security fundamentals. These fundamentals are briefly discussed below.

3-84. A security force operates between the main body and known or suspected enemy units. The air mission commander maneuvers the troop to positions to provide screening support to the main body commander's scheme of maneuver. The screen should be positioned to remain between the main body and the enemy force. This distance should be based upon the relative vulnerability of the main body and the expected enemy rate of advance. As a rule, main body required preparation time multiplied by the expected enemy rate of advance in kilometers per hour equals the minimum distance to emplace security. If this distance cannot be achieved, additional combat power and an extensive obstacle plan may be required.

3-85. A security force performs continuous reconnaissance to gain all possible information about the enemy and the terrain within the assigned AO. (For information concerning the doctrinal frontages and/or distances of ground cavalry units in conjunction with security operations, refer to FM 17-95, FM 17-97, and FM 17-98.) An ACT operating independently will normally operate on an 8- to 10-kilometer front based on METT-T.

3-86. Early warning of enemy activity includes accurate reports about the enemy's size, composition, location, movement, and special equipment. This gives the main body commander the time and information needed to seize the initiative and choose the time and place to engage the enemy.

3-87. Air cavalry security force elements operate as far from the main body as possible and according to METT-T. It fights using its organic firepower and screens within range of the main body artillery to maximize its ability to employ long-range indirect fire to gain time and maneuver space for the main body commander to concentrate combat power. During cover operations, the covering force may be out of the main body's artillery range.

3-88. Once gained, contact is maintained to ensure a continuous flow of combat information. Contact is never broken unless specifically directed by the commander.

3-89. The main body commander should give the security force commander the following critical items of information to facilitate planning:

• Dimensions of the security mission (normally depicted on graphic overlay).
• Minimum reaction time required. This allows the security force commander to determine if the depth of the security zone is sufficient to accomplish the mission and determines how long the security force must delay before falling back to successive PLs.
• Minimum sized enemy force that must be detected. This allows the commander to determine required density of the screen.

3-90. The squadron commander follows general planning principles in preparing for a security mission and determines the troop or troops required to perform the mission. He specifies the area of the security and the time the security must be effectively established with battalion-size avenues of approach into the identified area. The depth of the area should provide enough distance for the main body to react in minimal time. The squadron must not establish its initial security too close to the main body, but within range of the main body artillery. During cover operations, the covering force may be out of the main body’s artillery range. The initial screen also follows advantageous terrain for observation of avenues of approach. It is delineated by a PL and is located behind critical control measures such as CFLs and FSCLs. Passage points and routes through stationary units are also coordinated.

3-91. Consideration must be given when assigning air cavalry its own terrain. ASE and/or EW considerations must be part of the mission planning process to minimize risks while accomplishing the mission. Detailed instructions are contained in Appendix H. Limited visibility conditions and weather may affect air cavalry's ability to cover a zone and/or sector. On the other hand, there are times when ground cavalry is limited by mobility, terrain, vegetation, or time, and air cavalry is the only asset capable of conducting the mission.

3-92. The squadron commander, in conjunction with the main body commander, must determine the width and depth of the security and establish a rear boundary between the main body and the security force. The squadron may initially assume responsibility for the area between the main body and the security force. The squadron may conduct a zone reconnaissance from the main body to the initial screen line and then maintain surveillance between the security force and the screen line. The main body may be required to conduct patrols or establish OPs near their positions. Cavalry units MUST carefully plan and coordinate their subsequent rearward movement and passage of lines.

3-93. Unique requirements posed by the mission may require assets not organic to the screening unit. The squadron may need AHs, ground assets, and/or CS assets to effectively perform the mission.

3-94. Fires are planned, and the emplacement of man-made obstacles is coordinated to impede the enemy's advance. The combination of fires and natural and man-made obstacles allows the squadron to impede enemy lead elements, maintain contact, and avoid decisive engagement. The squadron may also continue reconnaissance forward to identify enemy second echelon and follow-on forces. Upon contact, the squadron focuses its effort on the destruction of enemy reconnaissance elements by direct and indirect fires before the enemy can penetrate the initial screen line.

3-95. The primary purpose of a screen is to provide early warning to the main body through the communication of real-time combat information. This gives the protected force reaction time and maneuver space to orient to meet the threat. The screen provides the protected force with the least protection of any security mission. Air cavalry screens forward, to the flanks, or to the rear of a stationary main body and to the flanks or to the rear of a moving main body. Screening operations are not performed forward of a moving force because that would be an advance guard or zone reconnaissance. Based on the higher commander's intent, the squadron and ACTs may be required to impede and harass the enemy with organic and supporting fires and, within its capabilities, destroy or repel enemy reconnaissance elements without becoming decisively engaged. See figure 3-9 for screen locations.

3-96. Critical tasks of the squadron conducting a screen mission are as follows:

• Provide early warning of enemy approach.
• Maintain continuous surveillance of all battalion-size avenues of approach into the sector.
• Gain and maintain enemy contact and report enemy activity.
• Destroy, repel, or suppress enemy reconnaissance units (within capabilities) without becoming decisively engaged.
• Impede and harass the enemy with indirect fires.
• Guide reaction forces.

3-97. The critical tasks for the ACT conducting a screen mission are as follows:

• Maintain continuous surveillance of all battalion-sized avenues of approach into the sector.
• Destroy or repel all enemy reconnaissance elements within capabilities and as directed by higher commander.
• Locate the lead elements of the enemy order of battle and determine their direction of movement.
• Maintain contact with the elements, report their activities, and harass the enemy while displacing.

3-98. Though not a specific critical task, the air combat operation is an implied task during security operations. To be effective, security operations must prevent interdiction by enemy air and ground maneuver forces.

3-99. Air cavalry is ideally suited for screen missions due to its superior mobility, day and/or night target acquisition ability, and long range digital and/or voice communication capabilities. ACTs may conduct screen operations independently or as an integral part of a larger unit's task organization. When participating in guard and cover operations, ACTs normally screen or conduct zone reconnaissance as part of a larger force's guard or cover mission.

3-100. Squadrons normally perform a screen with organic assets. However, attachments such as engineers, MI assets, or artillery are sometimes needed. For division cavalry, DS artillery will be required when the squadron is operating out of main body artillery range. In the RAS, a ground troop may be attached to assist the air assets in screening a vulnerable part of the regiment. When a brigade is conducting independent operations, an air or GCT from the DCS may be OPCON or attached to screen in support of the brigade's operations. When this occurs the troop should receive DS artillery.

3-101. Squadrons can screen broad areas to the front, to the flanks, or to the rear of a stationary main body or to the flanks or rear of a moving main body. It must impede and harass the enemy with organic and supporting fires and, within its capabilities, destroy or repel enemy reconnaissance elements without becoming decisively engaged.

3-102. To exploit enemy vulnerabilities and weaknesses, the squadron may maneuver to the flanks and rear of the enemy to conduct offensive engagements. It may also use this employment principle to perform other security tasks as well as special-purpose and JAAT operations.

3-103. The ACT commander plans his concept using the following critical considerations:

3-104. Based on the rotation method selected by the SCO, the troop commander determines methods of rotating aircraft to sustain an aerial screen. He must consider all aspects of the mission—time required for the mission, aircraft availability, the use of AHs, relief on station.

3-105. The troop commander organizes ACTMs based on the SCO's guidance, likelihood of enemy contact, size of assigned sector, duration of the mission, and aircraft availability. If large frontages or several avenues of approach need to be covered, the troop commander may break the unit down to teams instead of platoons. When augmented with AHs, they may remain immediately available in a FAA or task organized into the platoon and/or team elements, to use their onboard sensors.

3-106. The troop commander ensures the location of AHs, FARPs, supporting fires, and FAAs are known by all aircrews. The commander coordinates his concept closely with the ground commander. He must pay particular attention to OP locations, artillery positions, and ground scheme of maneuver. Coordinating the air passage of lines when operating forward of ground troops is essential.

3-107. As the enemy situation threatens the security of the screening force, the squadron and/or troops report and request movement to the next screen line. Staggered movement off the screen line allows the commander to identify the flanks and rear of attacking forces. The screening force commander usually decides when to move from a screen line. However, the main body commander decides when the screening force may move behind the rear boundary PL. Prompt, accurate reporting is essential to prevent decisive engagement. Maximum use is made of surveillance, acquisition, and aircraft sensors.

3-108. The commander positions himself to where he can best control the screen. Normally this is at a vantage point from which he can move freely, maintain communications with both higher and subordinate commanders, and best influence the battle. In the RAS, the SCO typically performs this function in his aircraft. In the DCS the SCO normally commands from the TAC CP, TOC, or a C² designated aircraft. Combat trains are normally positioned behind masking terrain close enough for rapid response. They are best placed along routes providing good mobility laterally and in-depth. In the DCS and the RAS, FARPs are placed forward to facilitate rapid turnaround of aircraft supporting the screen. CSS assets prepare for extended operations as necessary.

3-109. Successive screen lines are located one behind the other on the battlefield and provide the screening force maneuver space. A stationary screen is accomplished by establishing successive screen lines. These lines enable the screening element to observe the identified avenues of approach throughout the squadron's AO. Avenues of approach are not split between units. The ACTM should be assigned no more than three battalion-size avenues of approach. A screen line may consist of OPs placed along a PL overwatching avenues of approach into an area. OPs may be mounted or dismounted from both air and ground assets. If the factors of METT-T dictate, ground scouts of the regiment and/or squadron may dismount from their vehicles and establish OPs. If OPs are used, air and ground reconnaissance forces actively patrol between them. Patrols reconnoiter areas that cannot be observed from an OP.

3-110. The most secure method of establishing an initial screen line is to conduct a zone reconnaissance from the rear boundary to the initial screen line. When squadron units reach the general trace of the screen line, they reconnoiter and refine it. They also select positions for good observation and fields of fire. Reconnaissance elements seek to remain undetected while reporting enemy forces and engaging them with indirect fires at maximum range. Fires are planned along with both natural and man-made obstacles to impede the enemy's advance. The combination of obstacles and coordinated fires allows the squadron to impede enemy lead elements, maintain contact, and avoid decisive engagement. This gives the main body reaction time and maneuver space to effectively engage the enemy. The squadron may also continue reconnaissance forward to identify enemy second echelon and follow-on forces. Upon contact, the squadron focuses its efforts on the destruction of enemy reconnaissance elements by direct and indirect fires before the enemy can penetrate the initial screen line.

3-111. As enemy pressure threatens the security of the screening force, or the movement of the main body dictates, the squadron or ACTs report and request to move to the next screen line. Reconnaissance elements rapidly move from a screen line while maintaining visual contact with the enemy. Staggered movement off the screen line allows the commander to identify the flanks and rear of attacking forces. This procedure ensures that gaps occurring during movement are quickly closed. The procedure is repeated as necessary. Figures 3-10 and 3-11 illustrates the RAS and DCS graphics, respectively, for screening operations of a stationary force. The main body commander decides when the screen force is no longer necessary and allows the screening force to conduct follow-on missions. Therefore, the screen force commander must be prepared to conduct guard operations. Maximum use is made of surveillance, target acquisition, and night observation equipment.

3-112. The ACT conducts a screen for a stationary force when the main body commander is preparing for future tactical operations. During reconstitution activities or planning and preparation phases, the main body commander may remain stationary. The ACT may be assigned screen operations when ground forces are preparing for defensive or offensive operations before actual movement begins. Initial occupation of a unit BP may also require screening activities.

3-113. The ACTM is task organized by the air mission commander to accomplish its screen mission. The AMC assigns teams to occupy the screen and establishes a troop or team rotation to maintain continuous surveillance. If the troop requires relief on station from elements from another troop, the AMC coordinates with the relieving unit to determine the technique to be used. ACTMs relieve each other by aircraft, by team, or by troop. In each case the AMC for the screening troop links up with the incoming air mission commander and communicates the current friendly positions, enemy situation, and plan for relief. When the squadron AMPS is used to maintain a situational awareness net, the relieving troop should arrive with updated graphics requiring less time to conduct handover.

3-114. When contact is made the ACTM responds by immediately reporting and maintaining contact. Spot reports from the ACTM update the squadron commander on the tactical situation. This gives the main body commander time to maneuver the ground units to engage the enemy. If directed, the ACTM may use indirect FS or organic fires to destroy or repel the enemy’s reconnaissance elements.

3-115. ACTMs make maximum use of cover and concealment and employ supporting fires to harass and impede enemy elements. Each screen is situated to maximize the ACTMs ability to maintain observation of the battlefield. Team leaders work together to ensure that FOVs overlap to prevent the enemy from passing unnoticed. Air routes to and from succeeding screen lines should provide good cover and concealment. Cover may be difficult to obtain along a route, but concealment is critical. During movement, the teams ensure that visual contact with the enemy is continuously maintained.

3-116. A moving screen is conducted when the main body is moving either in the attack or in retrograde. The squadron commander determines the technique of screening a moving force based on METT-T, the maneuver force commander's intent, and the squadron's orientation. The maneuver force commander assigning the screening mission provides the parameters of the screen and the times and locations the screen is to be established. He also identifies the unit or units to be screened and provides the HHQ graphics (operations overlay and control measures). The two types of moving screens are flank and rear.

3-117. The moving flank screen is the most difficult screening mission. Elements screening on the flank of a moving force move on a route parallel to the axis of the main body movement. The squadron commander defines the area to be initially screened and subsequent screen lines. He designates the last line as the squadron rear boundary. Squadron elements occupy a series of OPs on the screen line parallel to the route of advance. A ground reconnaissance troop is well suited for this mission. The forward element maintains contact with the forward element of the lead elements on the near flank of the main body. The main body and the screening unit must maintain contact at all times. When operating with ground troops in a moving flank screen mission, ACTMs are well suited to maintain contact with the main body and to perform reconnaissance forward of the ground units. When maintaining contact with the main body, the ACTM must be aware of the distance of the ground troops from the main body to prevent the over extension of the screen.

3-118. The most forward OP is positioned abeam of the rear of the leading battalion and/or TF and the subsequent OPs are arrayed along the length of the main body. Movement along the flank screen line may be controlled using one of three methods—successive bounds (similar to bounding overwatch), alternate bounds (similar to traveling overwatch), and continuous (similar to traveling). The most secure technique is one in which aircrews move from the trail OP to the most forward OP and works best when the main body is moving slowly. The successive bounds method is shown in Figure 3-12. A less secure technique may be used when the main body is moving faster. It involves all OPs moving forward simultaneously on command to the next OP. The alternate bounds method is shown in Figure 3-13. The screening force may move continuously, using a technique similar to a hasty zone reconnaissance in-depth along the main body's flank. This method is the least secure and least preferred. The continuous method is shown in Figure 3-14. When operating with ground troops in a moving flank screen mission, ACTs are well suited to maintain contact with the main body and to perform reconnaissance forward of the ground units.

3-119. An ACT screening to the flank of a moving unit plans a line of OPs and prepares to occupy each, in turn, as the main body advances. If possible, the ACT reconnoiters out to the maximum range of supporting fires. Except for these procedures, the mission is planned and conducted the same as a stationary screen.

3-120. Screening the rear of a moving force is essentially the same as a stationary force. As the protected force moves, the squadron occupies a series of successive screen lines. Movement is regulated by the requirement to maintain the time and distance factors desired by the main body commander. Sectors and responsibilities are assigned as in the stationary screen. ACTMs may assume the screen during ground troop movement. In a rear screen, a unit may move to subsequent screen lines without enemy pressure as long as it remains within friendly artillery range and can effectively screen the rear. If enemy contact is made, the squadron executes the screen mission the same as a stationary screen.

3-121. During rear area incursions conducted by enemy forces, squadron elements may conduct a screen. The purpose of this operation is to maintain contact with and contain the enemy while friendly units maneuver to engage and destroy the rear threat. In this role, squadron forces may guide friendly quick-reaction forces and/or assist in the attack and destruction of the enemy force. Figure 3-15 shows the squadron conducting a screen during a rear area operation.

3-122. The ACT may operate as a screening force with the mission to alert the squadron and engage approaching enemy aircraft. It is positioned on the flanks and forward of other aviation and ground units conducting operations. The ACT establishes a screen along probable air avenues of approach. It maintains surveillance of these air avenues similar to the way it maintains surveillance of ground avenues of approach. Reports of incoming aircraft would alert all assets in the area to take appropriate action. To effectively maintain an aerial screen requires the air cavalry unit to be linked with the AD warning system to maintain situational awareness of incoming enemy aircraft.

3-123. To be successful in a screen against the enemy, the ACT should fight as a unit, using maneuver and making the most of available weapons. The troop should also observe the principles of air combat operations. These principles include—

• Avoiding detection.
• Seeing the enemy first.
• Recognizing the enemy.
• Fighting unpredictably.

3-124. A guard operation protects the main body from enemy ground observation, direct fire, and surprise attack. A guard force reconnoiters, screens, attacks, defends, and delays to destroy enemy reconnaissance elements and to disrupt the deployment of enemy first echelon forces. It accomplishes all the tasks of a screening force. A guard operation is normally conducted within the range of friendly artillery. The squadron may serve as the guard force headquarters, or it may operate under another maneuver headquarters. The guard mission is not normally assigned to an air squadron unless it is augmented from the regiment, division, or corps with ground assets. The intent of the main body commander in assigning the mission determines the nature and extent of attachments required. ACTs within the squadron perform zone reconnaissance, screen, or hasty attack missions. Ground troops within the squadron perform the same missions but also conduct movement to contact, defend, and delay missions. The guard mission requires the squadron to fight the enemy. A guard mission may be conducted to the front, rear, or flanks of the main body.

3-125. A stationary guard is performed when the main body is not moving. It may be conducted to the front, rear, or flanks of the main body but is normally conducted to the front. As part of a stationary guard, the squadron deploys forward of a designated PL, usually within friendly artillery range, and conducts reconnaissance and screening operations. The main guard force does not displace behind the designated PL without the permission of the main body commander. A PL designating the rear of the squadron's area is farther from the main body than the effective range of enemy direct fire weapons (roughly 4,000 meters). The squadron conducts a zone reconnaissance from the rear to the BPs or OPs, reconnoiters the BPs or OPs, and establishes a screen line. It provides reaction time for the main guard force and, consequently, the main body. The squadron determines the enemy's disposition, destroys enemy reconnaissance elements, and assists the main guard unit in forcing the enemy to deploy. It also disrupts the enemy's forced deployment and guides main body reaction forces for the counterattack. Figure 3-16 shows a squadron conducting a stationary flank guard.

3-126. Advanced Guard. An advance guard force is offensive in nature. It finds and defeats enemy units along the axis or route of advance and prevents surprise and premature deployment of the main body. The squadron, augmented by brigade, regiment, or division, is given the overall advance guard mission. As a member of an advance guard, the air cavalry deploys forward in a zone or a route reconnaissance.

3-127. Flank Guard. As a flank guard, the squadron performs the same tasks as it does for a stationary force. However, a flank guard for a moving force advances systematically to a series of BPs or OPs parallel to the main body's axis of advance and clears the area between its route and the main body, as the main body advances. The guard force orients on enemy battalion-sized avenues of approach. Flank guard activities are primarily reconnaissance oriented. Air cavalry can be integrated as part of the guard force by screening between and in front of BPs as they are established. Air cavalry may also be used to reconnoiter the area between the guard force and the main body, maintaining contact with both elements and freeing the ground cavalry flank guard force to concentrate on its BP tasks.

3-128. Rear Guard. The squadron performs the same tasks for a moving force as it does for a stationary force. During the advance of the main body, the rear guard detects and defeats enemy units that threaten the rear of the protected force. It conducts a delay without contact at a distance prescribed by the main body commander. The delay operation is normally within friendly artillery range and is oriented away from the main body's rear on the same axis of advance. The squadron's primary role is to screen the guard force as it delays, while the main body advances. Air cavalry screens forward or between BPs and may reconnoiter the area between the rear guard and main body.

3-129. Moving guard operations may be conducted to the front, flank, and rear of the main body.

3-130. Advance Guard. An advance guard for a moving force develops the situation to the front along specific routes or axes to prevent surprise or premature deployment of the main body. It plans as in a zone or route reconnaissance but will usually have a more lenient engagement criteria. An advance guard must have artillery coverage. The main body is normally in a movement to contact. The advance guard develops the enemy situation by fighting to gain intelligence. Air cavalry is expected to plan its part of the mission the same way it would a zone reconnaissance. Primary emphasis is on early development of the enemy situation in the area of the main body’s route or axis of advance.

3-131. Flank Guard. As a flank guard, the squadron performs the same tasks for a moving force as it does for a stationary force. However, the flank guard for a moving force advances systematically to a series of BPs. It moves along a designated route parallel to the main body's axis of advance and clears the area between its route of advance and the main body. Flank guard activities are primarily reconnaissance-oriented. During a flank guard, air cavalry can be used to screen between the guard force and the main body. It can also be used to screen forward of the guard force during the movement to BPs. In both situations air cavalry uses the techniques for a movement to contact forward of a moving force (a zone reconnaissance moving to successive screen lines). Figure 3-17 shows the squadron with augmentation conducting a flank guard for a moving force.

3-132. Rear guard. The squadron performs the same tasks for a moving force as it does for a stationary force. However, it must periodically move rearward to stay within the range of the main body's artillery.

3-133. The following tasks are critical tasks performed by the ACS or ACT:

• Perform reconnaissance along the main body's axis of advance.
• Maintain continuous surveillance of enemy battalion-size avenues of approach.
• Maintain contact with the lead combat element